Lapis manalis

 ( Ancient Roman Religion ) 

A lapis manalis was either of two sacred stones used in the Roman religion. One covered a gate to Hades, abode of the dead; Sextus Pompeius Festus called it ostium Orci, "the gate of Orcus". The other was used to make rain; this one may have no direct relationship with the Manes, but is instead derived from the verb manare, "to flow".

The two stones had the same name. However, the grammarian Festus held the cover to the gate of the underworld and the rainmaking stone to be two distinct stones.Sextus Pompeius Festus, De verborum significatione, sub. tit. manalis (Latin and French text)

---

Gate to the underworld One such stone covered the mundus Cereris, a pit thought to contain an entrance to the underworld. Most cities of Latium and Etruria contained a similar pit or ditch; Plutarch describes the custom of a mundus as being of Etruscans origin, and states that it was used as a place where first-fruits were deposited.Plutarch, Life of Romulus ch. 11. The Latin word mundus meant "world". Festus, quoting Cato this time, explains that:

The Roman mundus was located in the Comitium.Plutarch, supra. This stone was ceremonially opened three times a year, during which spirits of the blessed dead (the Manes) were able to commune with the living. The three days upon which the mundus was opened were August 24, October 5, and November 8. Fruits of the harvest were offered to the dead at this time.Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, Dictionary of Roman Religion (Facts on File, 1996) Fowler, above Macrobius, quoting Varro, says of these days that:

Accordingly, he reports that military and public matters were not transacted upon them, even though they were not nefasti.Macrobius, Saturnalia I 16.18

---

Charm to make rain The other was used as part of a ceremony called the aquaelicium (Latin: "calling the waters") which sought to produce rain in times of drought.Sir James Frazer, The Golden Bough ch. 5, "" (Abridged edition, MacMillan, 1922) During the ceremony, the pontifex had the stone brought from its usual resting place, the Temple of Mars in Clivo near the Porta Capena, into the Roman Senate. Offerings were made to Jupiter petitioning for rain, and water was ceremonially poured over the stone.Cyril Bailey, The Religion of Ancient Rome, ch. 2 (Archibald, Constable & Co., London, 1907)

---

See also

• Lemuria, another Roman festival for the dead.
• Lemures, hostile ghosts in Roman mythology.

Post Comment